Bibliography


 * __Chacter Analysis:__**

Grossman, Katharine. "Woman as temptress: the way to (bro)otherhood in science fictions dystopias." __Women's Studies__.14.2 (1987): 135-146. Academic Search Complete- EBSCO- Georgia C & SU Lib., Milledgeville, GA. 28 Apr. 2009 .

This source can be found within the Sociological Collection database including the PDF attached. This scholarly article is titled “Woman as temptress: the way to (bro)otherhood in science fiction dystopias”. This source focuses on four other novels including 1984 and compares the main female characters, including Julia from 1984, to sociological concepts:

Place, Troy. "Orwell's 1984." __Explicator__. 61.2 (2003): 108-111. Academic Search Complete- EBSCO- Georgia C & SU Lib., Milledgeville, GA. 28 Apr. 2009 [|http://search.ebscohost.com]. This source was found within the Literary Reference Center database with a PDF scholarly article attached titled “Orwell’s 1984” that most basically analyzes Winston Smith’s role in the book:

__**Meaning And Interpretation:**__

Gottlieb, Erika. __The Orwell Conundrum : A Cry of Despair or Faith in the Spirit of Man?__. Ottowa: Carleton University Press, 1992.

Erika Gottlieb’s book discusses the theme of despair in the book 1984 and how various critics have responded to it. Gottlieb argues that the four main schools of criticism the have addressed 1984 (Psychological, Political, Feminist, and Humanist) have all criticized the ending of the book because of its despair. The author tries to figure out the true message that is conveyed by the ending of 1984, and does this by looking at the historical context of the book. This book is useful for knowing how to interpret 1984 and the meaning behind its themes of totalitarianism and despair.

Simms, Valerie J., “A Reconsideration of Orwell’s 1984: The Moral Implications of Despair.” __Ethics__ 84.4 (1974): 292-306. __JSTOR__. 16 April 2009 []

Valerie Simms article discusses the themes of pessimism, defeatism, and passivity that are found in 1984 and how various critics have addressed them. The article looks at Orwell’s personal philosophy of life and how he tried to find meaning in mankind instead of in some kind of supernatural power. It explores what the true meaning of 1984 is, and what it says about our philosophy of life. Simms argues that Orwell is not the advocate of pessimism that he is usually thought to be.

__**Time And Spatiality:**__ Tyner, James. "Self and space, resistance and discipline: a Foucauldian reading of George Orwell's 1984." __Social & Cultural Geography__ 5.1 (Mar. 2004): 129-149. __Academic Search Complete__. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 15 Apr. 2009 []. Thesis: “//Rather, my intent is, through a merging of Orwell’s fictive dis-utopia and Foucault’s workings of power, to identify themes that speak to broader concepts of resistance, discipline and space. Thus, whereas Orwell’s 1984 has been frequently—and correctly—read as a warning against totalitarian systems, I suggest that this text may be extended and also read to understand spaces of resistance and discipline”// (2).

This source investigates the issue of spatiality in media and in the novel __1984,__ by George Orwell. It addresses the idea that people tend to relate what they see, read, or hear, whether fiction or no, to their surrounding culture. The article points out the “thirdspace” theory which investigates the idea that media works such as __1984__ tend to blur the line between reality and fiction, thus causing people to develop a sense of discipline and resistance so that the happenings of the novel do not take place in their present society. Therefore, proving why __1984__ still impacts our society today and why so many people continue to analyze the work. This article helps us highlight how people interpret the fictional utopia that is the setting for the novel.

Wegner, Phillip E.  Imaginary communities: utopia, the nation, and The spatial histories of modernity / Phillip E. Wegner.Berkeley: University of California Press, c2002   . Thesis: //“// //Imaginary Communities explores the genre of utopian literature as a tool for understanding the literary, cultural and social theories of modern spatiality.”// This source looks at the issue of space and modernity and how it is displayed and obscured through literature which displays a utopian society. It can help interpret the novel and how it has affected our current setting and spatiality. The book can help the reader see how literary utopian societies have molded our way of thinking today which all spring from imaginary communities.

__**Totalitarian Control:**__

Strub, Harry. “The Theory of Panoptical Control: Bentham’s Panopticon and Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four//.” Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences.// 25.1 (1989) 40-59. Academic Search Complete- EBSCO- Georgia C & SU Lib., Milledgeville, GA. 15 Apr. 2009 .

-This article attempts to complete two goals. First the author attempts to explain and criticize the ideas of Panoptical Control as developed by Jeremy Bentham. His theory was that in order to control inmates, we must make them think that they are being watched all the time. He advocated the design of prison’s that gave the inmates zero privacy. The second goal of this article is to relate these ideas to the novel Nineteen Eighty-Four. The article applauds Orwell for his creation of a world in which all of Bentham’s ideas are applied and where Orwell has gone beyond Bentham. The article discusses the effectiveness of the techniques used by Big Brother to control the people. It takes the stance, that because of everything going against the people, they had no choice but to conform.

Tirohl, Blu. “’We are the dead…you are the dead’. An Examination of Sexuality as a Weapon of Revolt in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.” //Journal of Gender Studies.// 9.1 (2000) 55-62. Academic Search Complete- EBSCO- Georgia C & SU Lib., Milledgeville, GA. 15 Apr. 2009 .

Weapon of Revolt in Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four.” //Journal of Gender Studies.// 9.1 (2000) 55-62. Academic Search Complete- EBSCO- Georgia C & SU Lib., Milledgeville, GA. 15 Apr. 2009 . -This article discusses the attempts by the Party to use sexuality to control the people. But carefully preventing sexual contact and preaching the values of celibacy, the party creates a world in which Sex is no longer used for enjoyment but simply for the procreation of humans, an unfavorable task like paying one’s taxes. The article takes the stance that it is this act that wins the party complete power over it’s subjects, while at the same time showing how Winston and others may use sex as their only means of survival and rebellion.

Varrichio, Mario. “Power of Images/ Images of Power in Brave New World and Nineteen Eighty-Four.” //Utopian Studies//. 10.1 (1999) 98-115. Academic Search Complete- EBSCO- Georgia C & SU Lib., Milledgeville, GA. 15 Apr. 2009 . -This article discusses some themes and symbols in Nineteen Eighty-Four as compared to the novel A Brave New World. The article takes the stance that both novels are influenced greatly by the idea that images, the cinema, and symbols can be used to control the people. In Nineteen Eighty-Four, the novel attributes the most respect to the ability to control the media. It believes by controlling the telescreen, newspapers, and all propaganda, they are better equipped to rule the people. The symbol of the all seeing eyes of big brother is discussed in it’s relevance to control.

__**Manipulation Through Language:**__ Charles, J. Daryl. “The New Verbal Order.” __Modern Age.__ 38.4 (1996): 321-332.

This source critiques Orwell’s __1984__ through the powers of language. It explores the irony of Winston’s profession at the Ministry of Truth. It explores not only Newspeak but Winston’s job to erase past events in history. It explores aspects of written and spoken language. It also talks about Orwell’s perception of the role of language in preserving and disturbing social cohesion. The thesis of this article is that human nature can be altered by external means.

Phillips, Lawrence. "Sex, Violence and Concrete: The Post-war Dystopian Vision of London in Nineteen Eighty-Four." Critical Survey 20.1 (Jan. 2008): 69-79. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. GC & SU Library, Milledgeville, GA. 16 Apr. 2009 .

This source analyzes 1984 in the historical context of the time and place it was written. It also looks at Orwell’s tone as a nostalgic one. Having been written very shortly after World War 2, the book was obviously heavily influenced by it. The article also looks at the nursery rhyme ‘Oranges and Lemons’ as being particularly reminiscent of the past. The main idea of the article is to examine 1984 given the cultural and historical contexts of the time as well as putting a nostalgic spin on it. It helps to understand the work because a lot of the things that happened in the book were relatable World War 2.

Young, John Wesley. “Totalitarian Language: Orwell's Newspeak and Its Nazi and Communist Antecedents. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1991.

This book analyzes the language of totalitarianism in George Orwell’s __ 1984 __. He relates it to the language used in Nazi and communist regimes. He compares the fictional language of Newspeak with real language used by those regimes. The source’s main thesis is that there is a direct correlation between Newspeak and the actual language used by communists and the purpose of manipulating a language to be more like Newspeak. This helps to understand the work because we can look at __ 1984 __ through the cultural contexts of the time period Orwell was writing in.